Monday, 1 February 2021

Australian Literature

 


Top 30 Australian novel



1. Cloudstreet

by Tim Winton


From separate catastrophes two rural families flee to the city and find themselves sharing a great, breathing, shuddering joint called Cloudstreet, where they begin their lives again from scratch.


For twenty years they roister and rankle, laugh and curse until the roof over their heads becomes a home for their hearts. Tim Winton’s funny, sprawling saga is an epic novel of love and acceptance.


Winner of the Miles Franklin and NBC Awards in Australia, Cloudstreet is a celebration of people, places and rhythms which has fuelled imaginations world-wide.


 2. Picnic at Hanging Rock

by Joan Lindsay


While Joan Lindsay’s haunting Australian classic Picnic at Hanging Rock is a work of fiction, the story is often considered one of Australia’s greatest mysteries.


In 1900, a class of young women from an exclusive private school go on an excursion to the isolated Hanging Rock, deep in the Australian bush. The excursion ends in tragedy when three girls and a teacher mysteriously vanish after climbing the rock. Only one girl returns, with no memory of what has become of the others . . .


 3. The Book Thief

By Markus Zusak


It is 1939. Nazi Germany. The country is holding its breath. Death has never been busier, and will become busier still.


Liesel Meminger and her younger brother are being taken by their mother to live with a foster family outside Munich. Liesel’s father was taken away on the breath of a single, unfamiliar word – Kommunist – and Liesel sees the fear of a similar fate in her mother’s eyes. On the journey, Death visits the young boy, and notices Liesel. It will be the first of many near encounters. By her brother’s graveside, Liesel’s life is changed when she picks up a single object, partially hidden in the snow. It is The Gravedigger’s Handbook, left there by accident, and it is her first act of book thievery.


So begins a love affair with books and words, as Liesel, with the help of her accordion-playing foster father, learns to read. Soon she is stealing books from Nazi book-burnings, the mayor’s wife’s library, wherever there are books to be found.


But these are dangerous times. When Liesel’s foster family hides a Jewish fist-fighter in their basement, Liesel’s world is both opened up, and closed down.


4. Seven Little Australians

By Ethel Turner


Judy’s father, Captain Woolcot, found his vivacious, cheeky daughter impossible – but seven children were really too much for him and most of the time they ran wild at their rambling riverside home, Misrule.


Step inside and meet them all – dreamy Meg, and Pip, daring Judy, naughty Bunty, Nell, Baby and the youngest, ‘the General’. Come and share in their lives, their laughter and their tears.


 5. My Brilliant Career

By Miles Franklin


‘I am given to something which a man never pardons in a woman. You will draw away as though I were a snake when you hear.’


With this warning, Sybylla confesses to her rich and handsome suitor that she is given to writing stories and bound, therefore on a brilliant career. In this ironically titled and riotous first novel by Miles Franklin, originally published in 1901, Sybylla tells the story of growing up passionate and rebellious in rural NSW, where the most that girls could hope for was to marry or to teach. Sybylla will do neither, but that doesn’t stop her from falling in love, and it doesn’t make the choices any easier.


6. The Slap

By Christos Tsiolkas


To smack or not to smack is the question that reverberates through the interconnected lives dissected in Christos Tsiolkas’ award-winning novel, now in paperback.


At a suburban barbecue, a man slaps a child who is not his own.


It is a single act, but the slap reverberates through the lives of everyone who witnesses it. Told through the eyes of eight of those present at the barbecue, this acclaimed bestseller is an unflinching interrogation of the life of the modern family. Poignant and provocative, THE SLAP makes us question the nature of commitment and happiness, compr


omise and truth. Whose side are you on?


 7. My Brother Jack

By George Johnston


The thing I am trying to get at is what made Jack different from me. Different all through our lives, I mean, and in a special sense, not just older or nobler or braver or less clever.


David and Jack Meredith grow up in a patriotic suburban Melbourne household during the First World War, and go on to lead lives that could not be more different.


Through the story of the two brothers, George Johnston created an enduring exploration of two Australian myths: that of the man who loses his soul as he gains worldly success, and that of the tough, honest Aussie battler, whose greatest ambition is to serve his country during the war.


Acknowledged as one of the true Australian classics, My Brother Jack is a deeply satisfying, complex and moving literary masterpiece.



 8. The Magic Pudding

By Norman Lindsay


The Magic Pudding was first cooked in 1918, and thousands of children (and their parents) have been relishing it ever since.


Norman Lindsay’s timeless classic follows the adventures of debonair young koala Bunyip Bluegum, sailor Bill Barnacle and penguin Sam Sawnoff – owners of the much-desired Magic Puddin’ Albert – who try to out-wit Possum and Wombat, the professional, and extraordinarily persistent, puddin’-thieves.


This new paperback edition includes all the original illustrations and, for those who have not yet tasted this puddin’s magic delights, it is definitely worth savouring. Ages 8+. 

 

 9. The Harp in the South

By Ruth Park


Ruth Park’s classic novel The Harp in the South is one of Australia’s greatest novels. Hugh and Margaret Darcy are raising their family in Sydney amid the brothels, grog shops and run-down boarding houses of Surry Hills, where money is scarce and life is not easy.


Filled with beautifully drawn characters that will make you laugh as much as cry, this Australian classic will take you straight back to the colourful slums of Sydney with convincing depth, careful detail and great heart.


 10. The Man Who Loved Children

By Christina Stead


The Man Who Loved Children is Christina Stead’s masterpiece about family life. Sam and Henny Pollit are a warring husband and wife, he a fully blown narcissist and she spoiled and prone to fits of despair.


Their hatred, aggravated by too little money and too many children, lies at the centre of this chilling and brilliantly observed novel about relations between parents and children, husbands and wives.


The Man Who Loved Children is acknowledged as a contemporary classic of Australian and international literature.


 11. Year of Wonders

By Geraldine Brooks


From the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of March and People of the Book. A young woman’s struggle to save her family and her soul during the extraordinary year of 1666, when plague suddenly struck a small Derbyshire village. In 1666, plague swept through London, driving the King and his court to Oxford, and Samuel Pepys to Greenwich, in an attempt to escape contagion.


The north of England remained untouched until, in a small community of leadminers and hill farmers, a bolt of cloth arrived from the capital. The tailor who cut the cloth had no way of knowing that the damp fabric carried with it bubonic infection. So begins the Year of Wonders, in which a Pennine village of 350 souls confronts a scourge beyond remedy or understanding.


Desperate, the villagers turn to sorcery, herb lore, and murderous witch-hunting. Then, led by a young and charismatic preacher, they elect to isolate themselves in a fatal quarantine. The story is told through the eyes of Anna Frith who, at only 18, must contend with the death of her family, the disintegration of her society, and the lure of a dangerous and illicit attraction.


Geraldine Brooks’s novel explores love and learning, fear and fanaticism, and the struggle of 17th century science and religion to deal with a seemingly diabolical pestilence. Year of Wonders is also an eloquent memorial to the real-life Derbyshire villagers who chose to suffer alone during England’s last great


plague.


12. For the Term of His Natural Life

By Marcus Clarke


Scarcely out of print since the early 1870s, For the Term of His Natural Life has provided successive generations with a vivid account of a brutal phase of colonial life. The main focus of this great convict novel is the complex interaction between those in power and those who suffer, made meaningful because of its hero’s struggle against his wrongful imprisonment. Elements of romance, incidents of family life and passages of scenic description both relieve and give emphasis to the tragedy that forms its heart.


13. I Can Jump Puddles

By Alan Marshall


I Can Jump Puddles is Alan Marshall’s story of his childhood – a happy world in which, despite his crippling poliomyelitis, he plays, climbs, fights, swims, rides and laughs.


His world was the Australian countryside early last century: rough-riders, bushmen, farmers and tellers of tall stories – a world held precious by the young Alan.


 14. Jasper Jones

By Craig Silvey


Late on a hot summer night in the tail end of 1965, Charlie Bucktin, a precocious and bookish boy of thirteen, is startled by an urgent knock on the window of his sleep-out. His visitor is Jasper Jones, an outcast in the regional mining town of Corrigan. Rebellious, mixed-race and solitary, Jasper is a distant figure of danger and intrigue for Charlie. So when Jasper begs for his help, Charlie eagerly steals into the night by his side, terribly afraid but desperate to impress.


Jasper takes him through town and to his secret glade in the bush, and it’s here that Charlie bears witness to Jasper’s horrible discovery. With his secret like a brick in his belly, Charlie is pushed and pulled by a town closing in on itself in fear and suspicion as he locks horns with his tempestuous mother, falls nervously in love and battles to keep a lid on his zealous best friend, Jeffrey Lu.


And in vainly attempting to restore the parts that have been shaken loose, Charlie learns to discern the truth from the myth, and why white lies creep like a curse. In the simmering summer where everything changes, Charlie learns why the truth of things is so hard to know, and even harder to hold in his heart.


15. Power Without Glory

By Frank Hardy


In the history of Australian literature few books have been so controversial than Frank Hardy’s Power Without Glory.


This is a tale of corruption stretching from street corner SP bookmaking to the most influential men in the land – and the terrible personal cost of the power such corruption brings. John West rose from a Melbourne slum to dominate Australian politics with bribery, brutality and fear. His attractive wife and their children turned away from him in horror. Friends dropped away. At the peak of his power, surrounded by bootlickers, West faced a hate-filled nation – and the terrible loneliness of his life.


Was John West a real figure? For months during the post-war years, an Australian court heard evidence in a sensational libel action brought by businessman John Wren’s wife. After a national uproar which rocked the very foundations of the Commonwealth, Frank Hardy was acquitted. This is the novel which provoked such intense uproar and debate across the nation. The questions it poses remain unanswered…


 16. The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith

By Thomas Keneally


When Jimmie Blacksmith marries a white woman the backlash from both Jimmie’s tribe and white society initiates a series of dramatic events. As Jimmie tries to survive between two cultures, tensions reach a head when the Newbys, Jimmie’s white employers, try to break up his marriage. The Newby women are murdered and Jimmie flees, pursued by police and vigilantes. The hunt intensifies as further murders are committed, and concludes with tragic results.


Thomas Keneally’s fictionalised account of the 1900 killing spree of half-Aboriginal Jimmy Governor is a powerful story of a black man’s revenge against an unjust and intolerant society.


17. The Spare Room

By Helen Garner


Helen has little idea what lies ahead when she offers her spare room to an o


ld friend of fifteen years.


Nicola has arrived in the city for treatment for cancer. Sceptical of the medical establishment, placing all her faith in an alternative health centre, Nicola is determined to find her own way to deal with her illness, regardless of the advice that Helen can offer.


In the weeks that follow, Nicola’s battle against her cancer will turn not only her own life upside down but also those of everyone around her.


 18. The Getting of Wisdom

By Handel Richardson


Henry Handel Richardson’s The Getting of Wisdom is the coming-of-age story of a spontaneous heroine who finds herself ensconced in the rigidity of a turn-of-the-century boarding school.


The clever and highly imaginative Laura has difficulty fitting in with her wealthy classmates and begins to compromise her ideals in her search for popularity and acceptance.


 19. The Power of One

By Bryce Courtenay


First with your head and then with your heart . . .


To Peekay, a seven-year-old boy who dreams of being the welterweight champion of the world, this is a piece of advice that he will carry with him throughout his life.


Born in a South Africa divided by racism and hatred, this one small boy will come to lead all the tribes of Africa. And in a final conflict with his childhood enemy, the Judge, Peekay will fight to the death for justice.


Bryce Courtenay’s classic bestseller is a story of the triumph of the human spirit – a spellbinding tale for all ages.


20. Eucalyptus

By Murray Bail


On a country property a man named Holland lives with his daughter Ellen. Over the years, as she grows into a beautiful young woman, he plants hundreds of different gum trees on his land.


When Ellen is nineteen her father announces his decision: she will marry the man who can name all his species of eucalypt, down to the last tree.Suitors emerge from all corners, including the formidable, straight-backed Mr Cave, world expert on the varieties of eucalypt.


And then, walking among her father’s trees, Ellen chances on a strange young man who in the days that follow tells her dozens of stories set in cities, deserts, faraway countries…


Awarded the Miles Franklin and the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize, Eucalyptus is Murray Bail’s best and most moving novel. It is both a modern fairy tale and an unpredictable love story played out against the spearing light and broken shadows of country Australia.


Haunting and mesmeric, Eucalyptus illuminates the nature of story-telling itself.


 21. True History of the Kelly Gang

By Peter Carey


‘I lost my own father at 12 yr. of age and know what it is to be raised on lies and silences my dear daughter you are presently too young to understand a word I write but this history is for you and will contain no single lie may I burn in Hell if I speak false.’


In TRUE HISTORY OF THE KELLY GANG, the legendary Ned Kelly speaks for himself, scribbling his narrative on errant scraps of paper in semi-literate but magically descriptive prose as he flees from the police. To his pursuers, Kelly is nothing but a monstrous criminal, a thief and a murderer.


To his own people, the lowly class of ordinary Australians, the bushranger is a hero, defying the authority of the English to direct their lives. Indentured by his bootlegger mother to a famous horse thief (who was also her lover), Ned saw his first prison cell at 15 and by the age of 26 had become the most wanted man in the wild colony of Victoria, taking over whole towns and defying the law until he was finally captured and hanged.


Here is a classic outlaw tale, made alive by the skill of a great novelist.


 22. The Broken Shore

By Peter Temple


Joe Cashin was different once. He moved easily then; was surer and less thoughtful. But there are consequences when you’ve come so close to dying. For Cashin, they included a posting away from the world of Homicide to the quiet place on the coast where he grew up. Now all he has to do is play the country cop and walk the dogs. And sometimes think about how he was before.


Then prominent local Charles Bourgoyne is bashed and left for dead.


Everything seems to point to three boys from the nearby Aboriginal community; everyone seems to want it to. But Cashin is unconvinced. And as tragedy unfolds relentlessly into tragedy, he finds himself holding onto something that might be better let go.


Peter Temple’s gift for compelling plots and evocative, compassionately drawn characters has earnt him a reputation as the grand master of Australian crime writing. The Broken Shore is Temple’s finest book yet; a novel about a place, about family, about politics and power, and the need to live decently in a world where so much is rotten. It is a work as moving as it is gripping, and one that defies the boundaries of genre.


 23. We of the Never Never

By Jeannie/Aeneas Gunn


In 1902 Jeannie Gunn, a Melbourne schoolteacher, went with her new husband to live on the remote Elsey cattle station near the Roper River in the Northern Territory. Though she spent little more than a year there, her experiences in the outback and her contact with the local Aborigines impressed her deeply, and on her return to Melbourne she set down her recollections in two books, We of the Never Never and the Little Black Princess.


These books have become classics of Australian literature, beloved by generations. They are presented her in a special condensed edition for the enjoyment of today’s readers.


 24. The Bodysurfers

By Robert Drewe


Set among the surf and sandhills of the Australian beach – and the tidal changes of three generations of the Lang family – this bestselling collection of short stories is an Australian classic. The Bodysurfers vividly evokes the beach, with the scent of the suntan oil, the sting of the sun and a lazy sensuality, all the while hinting at a deep undercurrent of suburban malaise.


From first publication, these poignant and seductive stories marked a major change in Australian literature.


‘These stories breathe. Taut yet teeming with life, they are shot through with gritty phrases that catch at one’s throat.’ – Sydney Morning Herald


25. Tirra Lirra By the River

By Jessica Anderson


Liza used to say that she saw her past life as a string of roughly-graded balls, and so did Hilda have a linear conception of hers, thinking of it as a track with detours. But for some years now I have likened mine to a globe suspended in my head, and ever since the shocking realisation that waste is irretrievalbe, I have been careful not to let this globe spin to expose the nether side on which my marriage has left its multitude of images.


Nora Porteous has spent most of her life waiting to escape. Fleeing from her small-town family and then from her stifling marriage to a mean-spirited husband, Nora arrives finally in London where she creates a new life for herself as a successful dressmaker.


Now in her seventies, Nora returns to Queensland to settle into her childhood home.


But Nora has been away a long time, and the people and events of her past are not at all like she remembered them. And while some things never change, Nora is about to discover just how selective her ‘globe of memory’ has been.


Tirra Lirra by the River is a moving account of one woman’s remarkable life, a beautifully written novel which displays the lyrical brevity of Jessica Anderson’s award-winning style.


26. Shiralee

By Darcy Niland


Everyone has their cross to bear – their swag, their shiralee – and for Macauley, walking across New South Wales in search of work, it is his young daughter who has to suffer his resentment at having her in tow. But then, he discovers that the ties that bind can be as much a comfort as a burden, and what he thought of as his Shiralee could be the one thing that will save him from himself.


This classic Australian novel perfectly captures the spirit of the bush and the tough, resilient people of the outback.




 27. The Boat

By Nam Le


Nam Le is . . . a disturber of the peace.


Consider the subjects of his stories: a child assassin in Colombia (‘Cartagena’), an ageing New York artist desperate for a reconciliation with his daughter (‘Meeting Elise’), a boy’s coming o


f age in a rough Victorian fishing town (‘Halflead Bay’), before the first atomic bomb falls in Japan (‘Hiroshima’), The suffocations of theocracy in Iran (‘Tehran Calling’). This astonishing range is topped and tailed by accounts of the uneasy reunion of a young Vietnamese writer in America with his ex-soldier father, and by the title story – the escape of a group of exhausted refugees from the Vietcong in a wallowing boat.


One might be permitted to think, after all this high seriousness and intensity, Nam Le can’t do funny. But this criminally talented 29-year-old can do that as well. BARRY OAKLEY, Australian Literary Review


 28. The Secret River

By Kate Grenville


In 1806 William Thornhill, a man of quick temper and deep feelings, is transported from the slums of London to New South Wales for the term of his natural life. With his wife Sal and their children he arrives in a harsh land he cannot understand.


But the colony can turn a convict into a free man. Eight years later Thornhill sails up the Hawkesbury to claim a hundred acres for himself.


Aboriginal people already live on that river. And other recent arrivals—Thomas Blackwood, Smasher Sullivan and Mrs Herring—are finding their own ways to respond to them.


Thornhill, a man neither better nor worse than most, soon has to make the most difficult choice of his life.


Inspired by research into her own family history, Kate Grenville vividly creates the reality of settler life, its longings, dangers and dilemmas. The Secret River is a brilliantly written book, a ground-breaking story about identity, belonging and ownership.



 29. The Thorn Birds

By Colleen McCullough


Treasured by readers around the world, this is the sweeping saga of three generations of the Cleary family.


Stoic matriarch Fee, her devoted husband, Paddy, and their headstrong daughter, Meggie, experience joy, sadness and magnificent triumph in the cruel Australian outback. With life’s unpredictability, it is love that is their unifying thread, but it is a love shadowed by the anguish of forbidden passions. For Meggie loves Father Ralph de Bricassart, a man who wields enormous power within the Catholic church …


As powerful, moving and unforgettable as when it originally appeared, The Thorn Birds remains a novel to be read … and read again.


30. Ride On Stranger

By Kylie Tennant


“Civilization is mad and getting madder every day”.


So says Shannon Hicks in Kylie Tennant’s marvellous, harsh, satiric 1943 novel. Arriving in Sydney just before WWII, Shannon, a dreamer and idealist takes on the world of politics, business, religion and men.


The consequences are challenging and unpredictable.


Saturday, 30 January 2021

William Shakespeare


 


MACBETH

William Shakespeare 


Macbeth (full title: The tragedy of Macbeth), tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, is one of his shorter tragedies, and was probably written between 1599-1606 and published in the First Folio of 1623 from a playbook or a transcript of one; it is thought to have been first performed in 1606 . The main source for Shakespeare’s Macbeth play was Holinshed’s Chronicles. Shakespeare penned the play during the reign of James V1, who was a patron of the playwright's acting company. Of all of his plays, Macbeth may best reflect Shakespeare's relationship with sovereign nobility.


This play is about a Scottish nobleman and his wife who murder their king for his throne charts the extremes of ambition and guilt.


#Characters


•Duncan - The good King of Scotland whom Macbeth, in his ambition for the crown, murders. Duncan is the model of a virtuous, benevolent, and farsighted ruler. His death symbolizes the destruction of an order in Scotland that can be restored only when Duncan’s line, in the person of Malcolm, once more occupies the throne.


•Malcolm - elder son of Duncan, whose restoration to the throne signals Scotland’s return to order following Macbeth’s reign of terror. Malcolm becomes a serious challenge to Macbeth with Macduff’s aid. Prior to this, he appears weak and uncertain of his own power, as when he and Donalbain flee Scotland after their father’s murder.


•Donalbain - Duncan’s younger son and Malcolm’s younger brother.


•Macbeth - a general in the army of King Duncan; originally Thane of Glamis , then Thane of Cawdor , and later King of Scotland


•Lady Macbeth - Macbeth's wife, and later Queen of Scotland, a deeply ambitious woman who lusts for power and position.


•Banquo - Macbeth's friend and a brave, noble general in the army of King Duncan, whose children, according to the witches’ prophecy, will inherit the Scottish throne. Like Macbeth, Banquo thinks ambitious thoughts, but he does not translate those thoughts into action.


•Fleance - Banquo's son, who survives Macbeth’s attempt to murder him. At the end of the play, Fleance’s whereabouts are unknown. 


•Macduff - a Scottish nobleman hostile to Macbeth’s kingship from the start. He eventually becomes a leader of the crusade to unseat Macbeth. The crusade’s mission is to place the rightful king, Malcolm, on the throne, but Macduff also desires vengeance for Macbeth’s murder of Macduff’s wife and young son.


•Lady Macduff - Macduff's wife


•Macduff's son


•Angus, Menteith, Caithness - Scottish Thanes


•Lennox - A Scottish nobleman.


•Ross - A Scottish nobleman.


•Siward - general of the English forces


•Young Siward - Siward's son


•Seyton - Macbeth's armourer


•Hecate - The goddess of witchcraft, who helps the three witches work their mischief on Macbeth.


•Three Witches- Three “black and midnight hags” who plot mischief against Macbeth using charms, spells, and prophecies.


•Captain - in the Scottish army


•Three Murderers - employed by Macbeth

Third Murderer


•Two Murderers—attack Lady Macduff


•Porter - The drunken doorman of Macbeth’s castle.


•Doctor—Lady Macbeth's doctor

•Doctor—at the English court

•Gentlewoman—Lady Macbeth's caretaker

•Lord—opposed to Macbeth

•First Apparition—armed head

•Second Apparition—bloody child

•Third Apparition—crowned child

•Attendants, Messengers, Servants, Soldiers


Summary:


The play is set primarily in Scotland, and follows the character of Macbeth, a bold Scottish general, as he becomes power-hungry and demented with political ambition. Shakespeare brilliantly portrays Macbeth and Lady Macbeth's downward spiral as they struggle with the punishing physical and psychological effects of greed.


Three witches tell the Scottish general Macbeth that he will be King of Scotland. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth kills the king, becomes the new king, and kills more people out of paranoia. Civil war erupts to overthrow Macbeth, resulting in more death.


Act: I


The first act begins during a wild thunderstorm, as three witches decide they shall next meet with Macbeth, a general praised for his bravery from the Scottish army. 


On a bleak Scottish moorland, Macbeth and Banquo, two of King Duncan's generals, discover three strange women (witches). The witches prophesy that Macbeth will be promoted twice: to Thane of Cawdor and King of Scotland. Banquo's descendants will be kings, but Banquo isn't promised any kingdom himself. The generals want to hear more, but the "weird sisters" disappear.


Soon afterwards, King Duncan names Macbeth Thane of Cawdor as a reward for his success in the recent battles. The promotion seems to support the prophecy. The King then proposes to make a brief visit that night to Macbeth's castle at Inverness. Lady Macbeth receives news from her husband about the prophecy and his new title. She promises to help him become king by whatever means are necessary.


Act II


Macbeth returns to his castle, followed almost immediately by King Duncan. The Macbeths plot together to kill Duncan and wait until everyone is asleep. At the appointed time, Lady Macbeth gives the guards drugged wine so Macbeth can enter and kill the King. He regrets this almost immediately, but his wife reassures him. She leaves the bloody daggers by the dead king just before Macduff, a nobleman, arrives. When Macduff discovers the murder, Macbeth kills the drunken guards in a show of rage and retribution. Duncan's sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, flee, fearing for their own lives; but they are, nevertheless, blamed for the murder.


Act III


Macbeth becomes King of Scotland but is plagued by feelings of insecurity. He remembers the prophecy that Banquo's descendants will inherit the throne and arranges for Banquo and his son Fleance to be killed. In the darkness, Banquo is murdered, but his son escapes the assassins. At his state banquet that night, Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo and worries the courtiers with his mad response. Lady Macbeth dismisses the court and unsuccessfully tries to calm her husband.


Act IV


Macbeth seeks out the witches who say that he will be safe until a local wood, Birnam Wood, marches into battle against him. He also need not fear anyone born of woman (that sounds secure, no loop-holes here). They also prophesy that the Scottish succession will still come from Banquo's son. Macbeth embarks on a reign of terror, slaughtering many, including Macduff's family. Macduff had gone to seek Malcolm at the court of the English king. Malcolm is young and unsure of himself, but Macduff, pained with grief, persuades him to lead an army against Macbeth.


Act V


Macbeth feels safe in his remote castle at Dunsinane until he is told that Birnam Wood is moving towards him. Malcolm's army is carrying branches from the forest as camouflage for their assault on Macbeth's stronghold. Meanwhile, an overwrought and conscience-ridden Lady Macbeth walks in her sleep and tells her secrets to her doctor. She commits suicide. As the final battle commences, Macbeth hears of Lady Macbeth's suicide and mourns.


In the midst of a losing battle, Macduff challenges Macbeth. Macbeth learns Macduff is the child of a caesarean birth, realises he is doomed, and submits to his enemy. Macduff triumphs and brings the head of the traitor Macbeth to Malcolm. Malcolm declares peace and goes to Scone to be crowned king.




50 Of Shakespeare’s Most Famous Quotes


1. ‘To be, or not to be: that is the question’

(Hamlet Act 3, Scene 1)


2. ‘All the world ‘s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts.’


(As You Like it Act 2, Scene 7)


3. ‘Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?’


(Romeo and Juliet Act 2, Scene 2)


4. ‘Now is the winter of our discontent’


(Richard III Act 1, Scene 1)


5. ‘Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand?’


(Macbeth Act 2, Scene 1)


6. ‘Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.’


(Twelfth Night Act 2, Scene 5)


7. ‘Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once.’


(Julius Caesar Act 2, Scene 2)


8. ‘Full fathom five thy father lies, of his bones are coral made. Those are pearls that were his eyes. Nothing of him that doth fade, but doth suffer a sea-change into something rich and strange.’


(The Tempest Act 1, Scene 2)


9. ‘A man can die but once.’


(Henry IV, Part 2 Act 3, Part 2)


10. ‘How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is to have a thankless child!’


(King Lear Act 1, Scene 4)


11. ‘Frailty, thy name is woman.’


(Hamlet Act 1, Scene 2)


12. ‘If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?’


(The Merchant of Venice Act 3, Scene 1)


13. ‘I am one who loved not wisely but too well.’


(Othello Act 5, Scene 2)


14. ‘The lady doth protest too much, methinks’


(Hamlet Act 3, Scene 2)


15. ‘We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep.’


(The Tempest Act 4, Scene 1)


16. ‘Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player, that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more; it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.’


(Macbeth Act 5, Scene 5)


17. ‘Beware the Ides of March.‘


(Julius Caesar Act 1, Scene 2)


18. ‘Get thee to a nunnery.’


(Hamlet Act 3, Scene 1)


19. ‘If music be the food of love play on.‘


(Twelfth Night Act 1, Scene 1)


20. ‘What’s in a name? A rose by any name would smell as sweet.’


(Romeo and Juliet Act 2, Scene 2)


21. ‘The better part of valor is discretion’


(Henry IV, Part 1 Act 5, Scene 4)


22. ‘To thine own self be true.‘


(Hamlet Act 1, Scene 3)


23. ‘All that glisters is not gold.’


(The Merchant of Venice Act 2, Scene 7)


24. ‘Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears: I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.’


(Julius Caesar Act 3, Scene 2)


25. ‘Nothing will come of nothing.’


(King Lear Act 1, Scene 1)


26. ‘The course of true love never did run smooth.’


(A Midsummer Night’s Dream Act 1, Scene 1)


27. ‘Lord, what fools these mortals be!’


(A Midsummer Night’s Dream Act 1, Scene 1)


28. ‘Cry “havoc!” and let slip the dogs of war‘


(Julius Caesar Act 3, Scene 1)


29. ‘There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.’


(Hamlet Act 2, Scene 2)


30. ‘A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse!‘


(Richard III Act 5, Scene 4)


31. ‘There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy.’


(Hamlet Act 1, Scene 5)


32. ‘Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; and therefore is winged Cupid painted blind.’


(A Midsummer Night’s Dream Act 1, Scene 1)


33. ‘The fault, dear Brutus, lies not within the stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings.’


(Julius Caesar Act 1, Scene 2)


34. ‘Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?’


(Sonnet 18)


35. ‘Let me not to the marriage of true minds admit impediments.’


(Sonnet 116)


36. ‘The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interrèd with their bones.’


(Julius Caesar Act 3, Scene 2)


37. ‘But, for my own part, it was Greek to me.’


(Julius Caesar Act 1, Scene 2)


38. ‘Neither a borrower nor a lender be; for loan oft loses both itself and friend, and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.’


(Hamlet Act 1, Scene 3)


39. ‘We know what we are, but know not what we may be.’


(Hamlet Act 4, Scene 5)


40. ‘Off with his head!’


(Richard III Act 3, Scene 4)


41. ‘Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown.’


(Henry IV, Part 2 Act 3, Scene 1)


42. ‘Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows.’


(The Tempest Act 2, Scene 2)


43. ‘This is very midsummer madness.’


(Twelfth Night Act 3, Scene 4)


44. ‘Some Cupid kills with arrows, some with traps.’


(Much Ado about Nothing Act 3, Scene 1)


45. ‘I cannot tell what the dickens his name is.’


(The Merry Wives of Windsor Act 3, Scene 2)


46. ‘We have seen better days.’


(Timon of Athens Act 4, Scene 2)


47. ‘I  am a man more sinned against than sinning.’


(King Lear Act 3, Scene 2)


48. ‘Brevity is the soul of wit.‘


(Hamlet Act 2, Scene 2)


49. ‘This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle… This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England.’


(Richard II Act 2, Scene 1)


50. ‘What light through yonder window breaks.’


Romeo and Juliet Act 2, Scene 2)


Facts

 


100 Stunning Facts of English Literature:


 1. Chaucer lived during the reigns of – Edward III, Richard II and Henry IV

 2. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was written in – 1385 onwards

 3. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales belongs to – 3rd Period of Chaucer’s literary career 4. Norman Conquest took place in – 1066 (11th Century)

 5. Wyclif’s Bible was published in – 1380 6. William Langland’s The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman was written in – 1362-90 

7. The Travels of Sir John Maundeville was published in - 1400 

8. The Hundred Years’ War was begun in – 1338 (14th Century) 

9. The Hundred Years’ War was fought between – England and France

 10. Wat Tyler’s Rebellion took place in - 1381 

11. The War of Roses was fought between – The House of York and the House of Lancaster 

12. The War of Roses was fought during the period – 1455-86 

13. Thomas Malory’s Morte De Arthur was written in – 1470 (published in 1485) 14. Caxton’s Printing Press was set up in – 1485

 15. Thomas More’s Utopia was published in – 1516 (Latin), 1551 (English)

 16. The First English Comedy, Roister Doister was written in – 1550 

17. Roister Doister was written by – Nicholas Udall

18. The First English Tragedy, Gorboduc was written in – 1561 

19. Gorboduc was written by – Thomas Sackville, Lord of Buckhurst & Thomas Norton 

20. Tottel’s Miscellancy was published in - 1557 

21. Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne of England in – 1558 

22. Globe Theatre was built in – 1599 

23. The Elizabethan Age covers the period – 1558-1602 

24. The leader of University Wits was – Christopher Marlowe 

25. Marlowe’s first tragedy was – Tamburlaine the Great (1587) 

26. Shakespeare wrote – 37 plays 

27. Dryden’s All for Love is based on Shakespeare’s – Antony and Cleopatra 28. Shakespeare’s Sonnets were published in – 1609 

29. The hero of Spenser’s Faerie Queene is - King Arthur 

30. Spenser’s Faerie Queene is dedicated to – Queen Elizabeth 

31. Spenser dedicated his Shephearde’s Calendar to – Philip Sydney 

32. John Lyly’s Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit was published in 1579 and was contemporary with – Shepheardes Calender. 

33. White Devil and Duchess of Malfi were written by – John Webester 

34. Ben Jonson’s first play Every Man in his Humour was published in – 1598 

35. Ben Jonson is known for his – Comedy of Humours 

36. Ben Jonson’s play written wholly in prose – Bartholomew Fair 

37. Bacon’s essays are written in – Aphoristic style 

38. Bacon wrote essays in all – 106 essays (1st, 2nd, 3rd Edition – 10, 38, 58 essays) 

39. Authorised version of the Bible - 1611 40. The leader of Metaphysical School of Poets was – Henery Vaughan 

41. The term ‘Augustan’ was first applied to school of Poets by – Dr. Johnson 

42. The intellectual father of French Revolution – Rousseau 

43. Lyrical Ballads was published in – 1798 

44. The leader of the Pre-Raphaelite in England was – D.G. Rossetti 

45. The founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in England – William Holman Hunt 

46. The originator of the Oxford Movement was – John Keble 

47. The phrase ‘Stream of Consciousness’ is associated with – James Joyce 

48. The Hero of Homer’s Iliad is – Achilles 

49. Pope’s Rape of the Lock contains – Five Cantos 

50. A Ballad stanza generally contains – Four lines 

51. The greatest Epic in English is written by – Milton 

52. The next in command after Satan in Paradise Lost is – Beelzebub 

53. The meaning of L’Allegro is – A cheerful man 

54. A Pastoral Elegy written by Shelley on the death of Keats – Adonais 

55. Everyman a famous play of 15th Century was a – Morality Play 

56. The villain in Duchess of Malfi is – Bosola 

57. Dryden’s plays in general are called – Heroic Plays 

58. The last play written by Shakespeare is – The Tempest 

59. Andrea Del Sarto in Browning’s Dramatic Monologue was – A renowned Painter 

60. Rabbi Ben Ezra was a – real Jewish Scholar. 

61. Occleve in The Governail of Princes wrote a famous poem mourning the death of Chaucer. 

62. Caxton was the first to set up a printing press in England in 1476.

 63. William Tyndale’s English


New Testament is the earliest version of the Bible. 

64. Tottle's Miscellany is a famous anthology of 'Songs and Sonnets' by Wyatt and Surrey. 

65. Amoretti contained 88 sonnets of Spenser. 

66. Thomas Mores' Utopia was first written in Latin in 1516. It was rendered into English in 1551. 

67. Roister Doister is believed to be the first regular comedy in English by Nicholas Udall. 

68. Gorboduc is believed to be the first regular tragedy in English by Sackville and Norton in collaboration. 

69. Chaucer's Physician in the Doctor of Physique was heavily dependent upon Astrology. 

70. Spenser described Chaucer as "The Well of English undefiled’. 

71. Chaucer's pilgrims go on their pilgrimage in the month of April. 

72. Forest of Arden appears in the play As You Like It by William Shakespeare. 73. Globe Theatre was built in 1599. 

74. When Sidney died, Spenser wrote an elegy on his death called “Astrophel” 

75. Spenser’s Epithalamion is a wedding hymn. 

76. The first tragedy Gorboduc was later entitled as Ferrex and Porrex. 

77. Sidney's “Apologie for Poetrie” is a reply to Gosson's “School of Abuse”. 

78. In his Apologie for Poetrie, Sidney defends the Three Dramatic Unities. 

79. Christopher Marlowe wrote only tragedies. He first used Blank Verse in his Jew of Malta. 

80. "Was this the face that launched a thousand ships” . This line occurs in Doctor Faustus by Marlowe. 

81. Ben Jonson used the phrase 'Marlowe's mighty line' for Marlowe's Blank Verse. 

82. Ruskin said, "Shakespeare has only heroines and no heroes". 

83. The phrase 'The Mousetrap' used by Shakespeare in Hamlet. It is the play within the play. 

84. Spenser dedicates the Preface to The Faerie Queene to Sir Walter Raleigh. 

85. The Faerie Queene is an allegory .In this Queen Elizabeth is allegorized through the character of Gloriana. 

86. Charles Lamb called Spenser the 'Poets' Poet'. 

87. Spenser first used the Spenserian stanza in Faerie Queene. 

88. In the original scheme or plan of the Faerie Queene as designed by Spenser, it was to be completed in Twelve Books. But he could not complete the whole plan. Only six books exist now. 

89. Twelve Cantos are there in Book I of the Faerie Queene. 

90. In the Dedicatory Letter, Spenser Says that the real beginning of the allegory in the Faerie Queene is to be found in Book XII. 

91. The Faerie Queene is basically a moral allegory. Spenser derived this concept of moral allegory from Aristotle. 92. Ben Jonson said 'Spenser writ no language.' 

93. Spenser divided his ‘Shepheardes Calender’ into twelve Ecologues. They represent twelve months of a year. 

94. Bacon's Essays are modelled on the Essais of Montaigne. 

95. Bacon is the author of Novum Organum. 

96. Spenser dedicated his Shepheards Calendar to Sir Philip Sidney. 

97. Ten Essays were published in Bacon's First Edition of Essays in 1597. 

98. 58 essays of Bacon were published in his third and last edition of Essays in 1625. 

99. "......... a mixture of falsehood is like alloy in coin of gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better , but it embaseth it". These lines occur in Bacon’s “Of Truth”. 

100. Hamlet said "Frailty thy name is woman” in Hamlet by Shakespeare.


Literature

 


#Who_is_the_mother_of_English?


Fanny Burney died in 1840 was one of the best-selling writers of the late eighteenth century, and for Virginia Woolf' she is “the mother of English fiction.”

#Who_is_called_the_father_of_prose?

William Tyndale: The Father of English Prose. The King James Bible, since its publication in 1611, has had a profound influence on the development of the English language, not only in the words and phrases that it employed but also in the syntax and grammatical usages that it rendered into the English vernacular.

#Who_is_the_father_of_comedy?

Aristophanes c. 446 – c. 386 BC) was a Greek poet and playwright of the Old Comedy, also known as the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy. Of his forty plays, eleven are extant, plus a thousand fragments of the others.

#Who_is_the_father_of_the_short_story?

Edgar A. Poe is called the "father" of the short story because he is credited with setting up the first guidelines for the short story.

#What_is_realism_in_drama?

Realism in the theatre was a general movement that began in the 19th-century theatre, around the 1870s, and remained present through much of the 20th century. It developed a set of dramatic and theatrical conventions with the aim of bringing a greater fidelity of real life to texts and performances.

#What_are_the_key_elements_of_a_tragedy?

Six Formative Elements of Tragedy. After discussing the definition of tragedy, Aristotle explores various important parts of tragedy. He asserts that any tragedy can be divided into six constituent parts. They are: Plot, Character, Thought, Diction, Song and Spectacle.

#What_is_realism_and_naturalism_in_Theatre?

Naturalism is a movement in European drama and theatre that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It refers to theatre that attempts to create an illusion of reality through a range of dramatic and theatrical strategies

#Who_is_known_as_the_father_of_naturalism?

The best-known "proponent of naturalism" was the novelist and French art critic Émile Zola (1840–1902); he was one of the most passionate defenders of Taine's theories, putting them to use in his novels. Zola's foreword to his novel Thérèse Raquin (1867) became the fundamental manifesto of literary naturalism.

#Who_is_known_as_the_father_of_realism?

Henrik Ibsen

Transcript of Henrik Ibsen: The Father of Realism. Henrik Ibsen was a monumental playwright and revolutionary for the world of theater. Through his works, he made a significant contribution to sparking the women's rights movement, and changing previously accepted roles imposed by society as a whole.

#Who_is_the_father_of_tragedy_in_English?

Christopher Marlowe

Christopher Marlowe. English dramatist, the father of English tragedy and the first practitioner of English dramatic blank verse, the eldest son of a shoemaker at Canterbury, was born in that city on the 6th of February 1564.

#Who_is_considered_the_father_of_tragedy?

Aeschylus

Aeschylus (Aiskhylos) is often recognized as the father of tragedy, and is the first of the three early Greek tragedians whose plays survive extant (the other two being Sophocles and Euripides).

#Who_is_the_father_of_the_English_language?

Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer. He was born in London sometime between 1340 and 1344. He was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat (courtier), and diplomat. He is also referred to as the father of English Literature.

#Who_is_known_as_the_father_of_drama?

Henrik Ibsen

Henrik Ibsen is famously known as the Father of Modern Drama, and it is worth recognizing how literal an assessment that is.

#What_kind_of_plays_did_Aristophanes_write?

The surviving plays of Aristophanes, in chronological order spanning a period from 425 to 388 BCE, are: “The Acharnians”, “The Knights”, “The Clouds”, “The Wasps”, “Peace”, “The Birds”, “Lysistrata”, “Thesmophoriazusae”, “The Frogs”, “Ecclesiazusae” and “Plutus (Wealth)”


Australian Literature

  Top 30 Australian novel 1. Cloudstreet by Tim Winton From separate catastrophes two rural families flee to the city and find themselves sh...